I want to be a gardener… But I don’t know what to do

So my contract is ending next month and of course I’m assuming the worst. I’m planning to find solace in my unemployment by throwing myself into my garden and growing some vegetables and general “gardening”.

I have quite a large garden that’s almost divided into two. When I first bought the house,i was smitten by the garden but now I think it’s the bane of my existence as its unruly and it’s progressively getting worse (I also wish the actual house was bigger rather) . I also have bad allergies so every time I mow the lawn I end up barely being able to breathe and sneezing like a hedgehog.

I was hoping someone could help with my questions below:

How do I differentiate between weeds and nice plants? Any ideas for what to do? Where would be a good place to grow some vegetables and herbs? (parsley, peas, beetroot, mint… And errr… What else is there?) What can I do about foxes and badgers? Something Is digging up things in my garden, will it eat/damage the flowers. Are there any flowers that I can grow that look nice? I had some raspberries somewhere at the back of the garden but it seems to have disappeared. Is that okay? How do people get nice green grass? I’m hoping picture 5 is a good location to plant my vegatables

Basically، how does one garden exactly? Is there a beginners guide? In my mind I can devote a couple hours a week to it (more I’m unemployed… Obviously that’s not what we want..).